How we write and check our health pages

Every condition page, guide and exercise on this site is written under the clinical lead of Dr. V. B. Rajendra Prasad, MPT (Orthopaedics), Nuprana's clinical director. He has 20 years of clinical experience, is registered with the Health and Care Professions Council in the UK and licensed by New York State in the US, and is a life member of the Indian Association of Physiotherapists. He decides what we publish and is responsible for it.

Our pages are written for patients and families, in plain words. They draw on what our physiotherapists see every day in clinics, homes and online sessions across India, as well as on published evidence.

We base clinical advice on current clinical practice guidelines and on trusted patient information: for example NICE in the UK, the World Health Organization, the NHS, physiotherapy clinical practice guidelines published in the Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, Cochrane reviews and major specialist societies. Where a page relies on specific sources, they are listed at the bottom of the page.

Where the evidence is uncertain, or where good clinicians reasonably differ, we say so rather than picking the answer that sounds best.

We do not promise results. Recovery differs from person to person, so we describe what usually happens and what helps many people, not what will happen to you.

We never say that surgery or medicines are not needed, or that physiotherapy alone is enough. Those are decisions for you and your doctor. We say clearly when symptoms need a doctor, and urgently when they need one urgently.

Prices on our pages are our own published prices. Where we give typical costs elsewhere in India, they are approximate ranges and we say so.

Each page shows when it was last updated. When Dr. Rajendra has reviewed a page in full, the page says so, with the date. New pages are kept out of search engines until he has reviewed them.

We update pages when guidelines change, when we find a mistake, or when patients tell us something is unclear. We aim to look at every clinical page again at least once a year.

We use writing tools, including AI, to help draft and translate pages. A draft is a starting point: what is published is checked against our sources and decided by our clinical team, and Dr. Rajendra remains responsible for it.

Our free report explainer uses AI to explain scan reports in plain words. It says so on the page, it is not a diagnosis, and its instructions were set and reviewed by Dr. Rajendra. Reports sent to it are kept for 90 days for quality checks and then deleted.

We do not accept payment, sponsorship or free products for anything we write, and we do not carry advertising. We do not recommend specific brands of equipment or medicines.

We are a physiotherapy practice and our pages mention our own services, including online physiotherapy and home visits. We keep the health information separate from those offers, and we do not change advice to sell a service.

Our pages are general information. They cannot examine you or know your full history, so they are not a diagnosis or a treatment plan. Please discuss your symptoms with a physiotherapist or doctor before acting on them, and seek emergency care for sudden weakness, chest pain, severe breathlessness, or loss of bladder or bowel control.